TABLE 10.3 Percentage of Portuguese Emigration by District, 1950-1988
1950-59
1960-69
1970-79
1950-79
1980-88
Aveiro
10.74
6.62
7.32
7.84
10.93
Beja
0.18
1.08
2.04
1.13
0.45
Braga
6.04
9.31
6.24
7.63
4.01
Braganзa
6.32
3.78
1.81
3.85
1.06
C. Branco
1.43
5.17
1.94
3.33
1.15
Coimbra
4.80
2.84
3.59
3.65
Йvora
0.10
0.38
0.73
0.41
0.24
Faro
2.25
3.69
2.45
2.98
1.28
Guarda
6.76
5.80
2.29
5.04
2.22
Leiria
3.98
7.66
6.88
6.53
4.95
Lisbon
2.17
8.10
12.14
7.78
18.91
Portalegre
0.15
0.37
0.31
0.30
0.20
Porto
10.47
8.55
7.73
8.79
7.76
Santarйm
3.79
3.42
3.23
3.50
Setъbal
0.32
1.75
3.08
1.77
5.19
V. do Castelo
4.64
5.63
2.97
4.63
3.52
Vila Real
5.54
3.88
4.32
4.21
Viseu
10.59
4.73
5.39
6.37
3.26
Total mainland
78.41
83.12
74.51
79.51
76.50
Azores
6.14
11.17
19.30
12.23
21.21
Madeira
13.75
6.17
7.80
Unknown
1.70
0.08
0.01
0.46
0.00
TOTAL
100.00
Total number of emigrants
342,928
646,962
392,517
1,382,407
89,562
The flow from the mainland in the period 1950-88 represented 79 percent of the global flow. It was essentially directed toward Europe, particularly to France and Germany. It is possible to conclude from Table 10.3 that three regions of the mainland - the Lisbon interior, the Alentejo, and the Algarve - were poor sources of emigration. Together these three regions supplied only a total of 111,000 migrants between 1950 and 1988. This figure is lower than the total of any of the other five regions considered individually. The heaviest suppliers of the period were the coastal regions, always contributing more than half the total migrants. The northern coast alone provided 305,000 migrants (26 percent of all the mainland flow).
An analysis by periods shows that the most remarkable change is in the numbers leaving from the Lisbon coastal region. In the 1950s, this region had only 8,500 emigrants. The number rose to 64,000 and 60,000 during the 1960s and 1970s, respectively, when France and Germany became the preferred countries of destination. The Lisbon coastal region became the country's main migratory area between 1980 and 1988, representing 24 percent (22,000 migrants) of mainland total legal flows.
This change seems to be connected to a major difference between the composition of migration flows overseas and to Europe. When directed overseas, migration was essentially from rural areas, both on the mainland and on the islands. When directed to Europe, it was increased linked to the most urban and industrial areas. Current trends show an even clearer intensification of this pattern, as documented by the growth of the Lisbon coastal region.
An analysis of the economic characteristics of the legal migrants will help complement the characterization so far done. Table 10.4, which summarizes legal migrant characteristics between 1955 and 1988, indicates that of the economically active migrants who left the country legally, 26 percent in 1955-59, 38 percent in the 1960s, and 50 percent in the 1970s were engaged in the secondary economic sector. Equally relevant is the increase in the annual number of departures from this sector. It rose from 5,000 in 1955-59 to 10,600 in 1960-69, clearly pointing to the greater attraction that European labor markets exerted over the urban and industrial sectors.
As noted earlier, inferences from the legal registers on sex-, age-, and marital status-are risky. Nevertheless, Table 10.4 permits two conclusions. First, the flow overseas that was dominant in the 1950s was more male dominated and tended less toward family reunification than the European flow. Second, the European flow experienced a first wave in the 1960s, a flow dominated by isolated departures of single or married males in their prime, followed by a second wave in the 1970s, consisting largely of family reunification flows, as suggested by the growing share of children under 15 years of age and the number of married female migrants.
1955-59
No.
%
GENDER
Male
96,357
60.35
378,080
58.44
210,347
58.79
50,253
56.11
Female
63,300
39.65
268,882
41.56
147,455
41.21
39,309
43.89
AGE
-15
37,376
23.41
171,434
26.50
99,757
27.88
21,695
24.22
15-64
120,104
75.23
468,994
72.49
254,163
71.03
66,165
73.88
65+
2,177
1.36
6,534
1.01
3,882
1,702
1.90
MARITAL STATUS
S
93,066
58.29
307,161
47.48
166,593
46.56
39,545
44.15
M
63,608
39.84
329,594
50.94
185,894
51.95
47,789
53.36
Other
2,983
1.87
10,207
1.58
5,315
1.49
2,228
2.49
ECONOMIC SECTORa
1ary
43,634
56.43
140,730
50.05
54,175
32.39
6,157
16.86
2ary
20,245
26.18
105,908
37.67
84,101
50.29
23,421
64.15
3ary
13,448
17.39
34,539
12.28
28,969
17.32
6,932
18.99
TOTAL ACTIVE
77,327
281,177
167,245
36,510
INACTIVE
52,425
40.40
240,399
46.09
163,155
49.38
53,052
59.23
129,752
521,576
330,400
159,657
357,802
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